Google presented conversational voice search at Google I/O a week ago. It’s a kind of search designed to be more like natural language and human speech than the technically constructed search inquiries that people use daily to retrieve information.  You can just click the microphone in the search box, ask your question in a natural way, and get spoken answers. Conversational voice search is not a Chrome desktop version of Google Now, even if it might look like that; it has none of the predictive answers that Google Now provides.

The conversational search feature has a natural language and semantic search integrated into it, and after the initial testing yesterday while it’s far from perfect, it presents one of those significant changes. Speaking your search into the box is not a new thing, but having a conversation with the search engine  and being able to search by voice is what makes the difference in the human-computer interaction. And being able to speak a search inquiry and getting an answer read back to you is pretty impressive. The feature is similar to how the Google Search App works for the iPhone or Android.

As a test, I asked “Who invented the World Wide Web?”

The Chrome voice feature responded with correct answer, “Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau…”.

Conversational voice search does not always work right as you go further on into a conversation. Chrome didn’t follow up with voice feedback on questions “Where the World Wide Web was invented?”. Other search inquiries such as “who is Sally Ride?” include voice feedback “According to Wikipedia…” and then Chrome provides a brief synopsis.

For another test, a simple weather related inquiry, I asked, “What’s the weather like in Paris?” and then “Do I need umbrella for the weekend in Paris?”. I got back a full spoken report of today’s weather, along with a forecast for this weekend. What is really impressive is that you can continue with voice search by asking further questions in a way you could never do with regular search (i.e. you can use other references from previous inquiry).

While not yet perfect, conversational search is still very appealing; we’ll see how this feature will be developed by engineers. The conversational search  question-and-answer feature is now available to users of  the latest version of Chrome 27 browser, which Google released this Tuesday.

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View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-beginning-of-the-universe-for-beginners-tom-whyntie

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I’m actually going to come straight out and drop the neutral viewpoint on this article, because this is important. I am very much a supporter of renewable energy, and I find it quite preposterous that anyone would even think about arguing against it. Very recently, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have reached 400 parts per million for the first time in recorded history. This may not seem like a lot, but Earth’s atmosphere hasn’t seen this much carbon dioxide for over 3 million years. It may sound like a cliché to say, but by continuing to burn fossil fuels we’re doing some permanent damage to our planet. And speaking as an astronomer, I can say with some authority – this is the only planet we’ve got.

Lots of people argue against wind turbines. In my not-so-humble opinion, this is ridiculous. Nonetheless, it happens. People claim that they’re “a blight on the landscape”, that they generate noise, that they affect local wildlife, and that they have a negative impact on health. Most of these criticisms are unsubstantiated and have no basis in fact. Let’s think rationally here: all of the same things are probably true of any other form of power station. And when other power stations go wrong, the effects can be significantly worse than a broken propeller blade. Hopefully then, innovations like PowerWINDows might help to both silence the critics and make wind energy a more easily attainable power source.

The basic idea with PowerWINDows is that there are none of the large rotating blades which people claim to be dangerous. The smaller, compact design allows PowerWINDows turbines to be installed on tall buildings such as skyscrapers and apartment blocks. All in all, the newly designed turbines are cheaper, quieter, and more convenient than existing wind turbine technology.

After four years of design and testing work, UOW have signed a deal with Birdon, one of Australia’s top engineering companies, to build and test a prototype suitable for commercial production. If all goes according to plan, the new turbines may go into production sometime in the future. Just imagine how much additional power could be generated if every large city had wind turbines installed on every tall building!

Professor Safaei’s inspiration for the idea was a desire to improve on existing wind turbines and any of their shortcomings – i.e. the criticisms made against them. His goal was to enable modular manufacturing, reduce noise and land usage, and allow easier transportation and installation. “I wanted to create a wind turbine that better integrated with living environments” said Safei, whose PowerWINDows are intended to be blended into existing environments, even being painted to match buildings. As he continued to explain, one of these turbines “looks like a window with a sparse venetian blind – the blades move vertically up and down.”

Happily, Safei’s invention has been receiving the attention it deserves. As Elizabeth Eastland, Director of Innovation & Commercialisation Research at the UOW, explained “PowerWINDows has the potential to help us harvest wind energy in a much more effective way.” Indeed, increased wind power will help solve two pressing concerns in the world today – cutting carbon dioxide emissions, and alleviating the impact of fossil fuel shortages. She added that “We are pleased to have Birdon working with us to advance this technology.” The feeling is clearly shared by Group General Manager of Birdon, Ian Ramsay, who has officially stated that he looks forward to working with UOW on such an important project.

I can only hope that others soon follow suit and give serious attention to the prospect of renewable energy sources. There are always people who’re happy to complain, but far fewer are willing to take steps to improve things. We should hope, for all our sakes, that those few have the determination to follow examples like Farzad Safaei.

Images courtesy of the University of Wollongong.

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John Shipp, a University Librarian from the University of Sydney in 2006 had given an account of Open Access in Australia which can be accessed here. In his article, Mr. John mentions about the Australasian Digital Thesis Program (ADT) has 5,391 full text files were available in mid-January 2006. Currently Australia has 71,880 thesis online and available via the National Library of Australia, Trove.

When we look at the Open Access Movement in Australia with the growth of Open Access Journals, we can see that it all started in 2003  and every year very good number of Open Access Journals are being added to the Directory of Open Access Repository (DOAJ).

The OAK Law project which had ended in 2009 had set up a database of all the publishers open access policies and publishing agreements. A similar database known to SHERPA/RoMEO publishers’ copyright policies is also existing at Univeristy of Nottingham, UK. These lists are facilitating researchers about what and how to share their research outputs legally with the cosmos.

According to the Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR), approximately 82 repositories are existing in Australia with Australasian Digital Thesis Repository of Tasmania being the oldest and Monash University Research Repository the recent one.

The Australia Australian Research Council (ARC) had announced its Open Access Policy  in January 2013 which requires deposition of research outputs within a month from the publication date. However, according to the Creative Commons blog post, it appears that the Australian Government had already devoted to Open Access in 2010 for using CC-BY licenses for the  Australian Public Sector Information.10 for using CC-BY licenses for the  Australian Public Sector Information.

Support of Open Access in Australia is led by AOASG and Open Access Austalia group on openaccessweek.org

Image source.

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In 2004 I saw Sally Ride at an Australian Broadcast Corporation (ABC) Radio National Science Special in Canberra.  When I first saw her speak, I was surprised how small she appeared on stage.  In my mind, Sally Ride was larger than life, an adventurer, explorer, a trailblazer who broke boundaries in physics, astrophysics and space exploration.  Of course within a few minutes of her speaking I was completely drawn into her world of science and space exploration where her stature, and gender is irrelevant.  (The transcript of the show she shared with astrophysicist Paul Davies, and marine biologist Syliva Earle can be read here).

Sally Ride aboard the Shuttle (Image credit NASA).

Sally Ride was born in Encino, California. She had one sibling, a sister, her mother was a volunteer counselor at a women’s prison, her father was a political science professor. Sally went to Swarthmore College, taking physics courses at UCLA, she then went on to Stanford to earn her Bachelors degree in English and Physics, and her Masters degree and PhD in physics.  Sally was an accomplished athlete, and nationally ranked tennis player in her youth.

Sally was one of about 8,000 people who responded to NASA’s call for applicants for the space program. Sally was ‘recruited’ to NASA by actor Nichelle Nicols who played communications officer Lt. Uhura in the original Star Trek television series.  NASA had asked Nichols to help them find the first qualified women and minorities to join what was was until then, an all white male astronaut corps.  After more than 12 months of testing and training Sally was one of the few selected to join NASA in 1978. Somewhat unsurprisingly at the time, her gender attracted quite a bit of media attention. Although she herself stayed well clear of gender issues Sally was still asked inane questions like ‘Do you weep when things go wrong on the job?’, and ‘Will the flight affect your reproductive organs?’. Sally noted that she felt astronaut training was ‘asexual’, women and men did all the same training, and that in space ‘weightlessness was the great equaliser, you don’t need to be strong in space’.

Sally Ride – Pilot (Image Credit NASA)

When Challenger roared into space on 18 June 1983 Sally Ride became the first American woman, and the youngest astronaut in space. She was preceded by Valentina Tereshkova in 1963 and Svetlana Savitskaya in 1982, both Russian astronauts. During the STS-7 mission the crew deployed two communications satellites and conducted pharmaceutical experiments.  Sally was the first woman to use the robot arm in space and the first to use the arm to retrieve a satellite. Sally’s second space flight was in 1984, STS-41G where the crew deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, and conducted various observations.  STS-41G was the first time that two women flew in space together, when Kathryn Sullivan joined Ride on the crew. Upon her return she was then scheduled for STS-61M, however, that mission was cancelled in the wake of the Challenger disaster. She was nominated to head the Operations sub-committee on the Rogers Commission, the presidential commission investigating the challenger accident. Following the investigation Sally went to work in NASA HQ authoring a report ‘NASA Leadership and America’s Future in Space’.

Sally Ride and Muppet (Image courtesy of Wikimedia)

During her career, Sally served as the ground-based capsule communicator (CapCom) for the second and third Space Shuttle flights (STS-2 and STS-3) and helped develop the Space Shuttle’s robot arm. She spent a total of more than 343 hours in space. Sally remarked in an 1984 interview that she felt ‘a lot of pressure’ being the first US woman in space, and that most of the pressure was ‘generated by the media’. She said she felt ‘proud’ to be the first US woman in space, and that the extra pressure made her determined to do things right.

Sally left NASA in 1987 and went to work for Standford University, she then moved to the University of California San Diego (UCSD) as the Professor of Physics.  She was also the Director of the California Space Institute, and a vigorous promoter of public outreach for science.  In 2001 Sally co-founded her own company, Sally Ride Science, a company that creates entertaining science programs, events, and publications for elementary and middle school students, with a focus on girls. In 2003 she was asked to be a member of the Space Shuttle Columbia Accident Investigation Board, the only person to sit on both the Challenger and Columbia accident boards.  Whilst at USCD, Sally led Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) public outreach program for the ISS – EarthKAM and GRAILMoonKAM which encouraged school students to study imagery of the Earth and moon. Sally was also nominated to serve on the 2009 commission that helped shape NASA’s current spaceflight program.

Sally Ride (Image courtesy of NASA)

Sally Ride passed away on 23 July 2012 from pancreatic cancer. A fiercely private person, she did not release any information or details of her 17 month battle with her illness.  Her death shocked many people. President Obama said shortly after her death ‘As the first American woman to travel into space, Sally was a national hero and powerful role model. She inspired generations of young girls to reach for the stars and later fought tirelessly to help get them there by advocating for a greater focus on science and math in our schools’.  Sally’s legacy of public outreach and work with school students through her company Sally Ride Science will be continued by her partner and co-founder of Sally Ride Science, Tam O’Shaughnessy.

Perhaps the most moving tribute to Sally comes from her friend Nichelle Nichols, ‘Sally Ride — my heart aches right now. Sally was one of my first and biggest achievements. She once thanked me for my recruitment efforts while under contract to NASA, saying “If it hadn’t been for you I might not be here.” Sally carved out her own place in history as the first American woman in space, but she was much more than that. She was a symbol for all of the little girls that needed to see what was achievable if you worked hard and studied hard. Sally was a physicist and had a love for the Sciences – a field of study that we should all encourage young people to follow.  Many people have said that I was their inspiration, something that fills my heart with joy every time that I hear it. When NASA asked me to help them find the first qualified women and minorities to join the then all-male-all-white astronaut corp, I did so with great enthusiasm. One of the first that my company was able to reach was a beautiful, young, brilliant woman named Sally Ride. She not only joined the astronaut corps – she revolutionized it by blazing the trail that so many female astronauts followed. She became MY inspiration to continue to search to find the next Sally Ride, or Dr. Mae Jemison. I know that right now there’s a little Sally or Mae out there, reading about what Sally achieved in her life, and deciding that Mars sounds like a great place to visit……..Dream On! Sally will lead the way!

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First up this week, sad news. After exemplary service ever since its launch in 2009 and a mission extension last year, the Kepler telescope has finally broken down. Kepler spots transiting exoplanets by staring unblinkingly at the same patch of sky, and in order to do that it needs to keep very still. Sadly, two of its four gyroscopes are out of action, meaning that Kepler may be shutting down for good.

Kepler’s Planet-Hunting Mission May Be Over

“Frankly, I’m absolutely delighted that we’ve got all this data, that we have been so successful, that we have found so many thousands of planetary candidates,” [William] Borucki told Discovery News… “The mission was designed for four years, it operated four years. It gave us excellent data for four years.”

An article posted in the Guardian caused quite a storm of opinions in its call for better critical thinking in science journalism. I have to say, I agree that science reporting needs more balanced arguments and critical analysis behind it, but I’m not sure I entirely agree with the article’s tone. Have a read for yourself and see what you think.

The need for critical science journalism

…infotainment science journalism rarely challenges the validity of the scientific research study or criticises its conclusions. Perfunctory comments, either by the journalist or in the form of quotes – such as “It is not clear whether these findings will also apply to humans” or “This is just a first step and more research is needed” are usually found at the end of such pieces – but it is rare to find an independent or detailed critical analysis.

(If you’re interested, I explained my own thoughts on this matter in some detail on my personal blog.)

Congratulations to Charles Ebikeme, one of our writers here at Australian Science, on his new role as an environment blogger for Scitable. He kicks off with a little discussion about the troublesome interplay between environmental science and government policy, using the Peruvian rainforests as an example.

The Science of Earth and the Human Policies that Change It

“The science of Earth and the human policies that change it.” This will be the tagline of the new Environment group blog on Scitable. The science is the easy part (he says without a hint of hyperbole). More and more we shall come to learn that the most difficult thing, the most complicated mechanisms, the most complex systems at play, lay quite firmly on the human side. On the human interactions and manipulations of Earth.

Researchers in China have developed a kind of electrically conductive ink, allowing electronics to be easily printed onto paper at room temperature. The ink is even recyclable! Brilliant!

Printing Electronics Just Got Easier

Someday people could use this, and similar technologies, to create their own customized electronic devices including electronic greeting cards, video game controls, touch-sensitive mobile phone cases, or solar cell arrays. Scientists already print electronic circuits on flexible materials like plastics that can be shaped into functional products—antennas are a common example.

And finally, for some devastatingly beautiful photography, The World At Night has announced the winners of its 2013 Earth and Sky photography contest. Words don’t do justice. Go and look at some. You’ll thank me later!

The 2013 Earth & Sky Photo Contest Winners

Photo bt Andreas Max Böckle, TWAN contest 2013, “Against The Lights” category

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The most invasive ladybird on Earth — Harmonia axyridis — was introduced in several European countries and North America for biological pest control, and quickly turned invasive. It has been outcompeting indigenous ladybird species in many countries for a long time now. Ladybirds are quite common in use as a — what we now call — biological control agent. They have a long history of use against unwanted pest insects. For example, the Australian vedalia ladybird, Rodolia cardinalis, was released in 1888 to control scale insects.

Harmonia axyridis is also known as the harlequin ladybird, and it has been outcompeting and threatening native species since the beginning of the 20th century. Its invasive success has until now been attributed to its enduring resistance against diverse pathogens. The same pathogens that strike down and blight the native European species, allowing the harlequin ladybird to outperform and out-survive.

But now, Andreas Vilcinskas knows of another reason — and it is something more like parasitic warfare than simple evolutionary survival of the fittest.

Andreas Vilcinskas goes to work every day to kill ladybirds. Or rather, he goes to work to investigate how ladybirds kill each other. And it is the parasites within that act as the smart bomb against the native species. Harmonia have within them, swimming around in their blood, spores of the parasite microsporidia. They do no harm to Harmonia, but are lethal to the native ladybird Coccinella septempunctata. What is more interesting is that this lethality comes when the native species feed on microsporidia-infested Harmonia eggs or larvae. As is convention, ladybirds often eat the eggs of other ladybirds.

The tale of an invasive species is always something more akin to Kal-El leaving Krypton. You land in a foreign land with the realisation that you have superpowers (in comparison to the natives). The harlequin ladybird’s secret most likely lies within its blood (hemolymph). A hemolymph already shown to ward of mycobacterium and the parasite that causes malaria. Its blood, or more accurately, the metabolite harmonine within its blood, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.

For this new reason to awe the ladybird, Andrea Vilcinskas and colleagues drew blood from the legs of 100 ladybirds. With such super blood already documented, the question being: was the harlequin ladybird’s advantage over the native species simply down to harmonine, or did the microsporidia have a significant lethal effect.

They showed that injecting the native species with Harmonia blood — but not harmonine alone — can kill. Suggesting, that it is unlikely that the mortality caused by native species feeding on Harmonia eggs is caused by the presence of harmonine.

It seems that native ladybird species are lethally infected with microsporidia carried by Harmonia when they feed on its eggs and larvae. The microsporidia parasitize cells by means of a spear through the plasma membrane. Within two weeks of starting their experiment all native species had died from the microsporidia.

The most invasive ladybird on Earth lives up to its name. The worldwide invasion of the harlequin ladybird is as a result of a parasite that lies within. A parasite to which it has grown immune but to which the natives have no way of stopping. War of the Worlds gone backwards.

Image — source.

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Quantum computers will work using quantum bits, or qubits for short, which are analogous to the digital bits used in computers like the one which you’re using to read this article. Recently, a team of engineers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) has successfully demonstrated, for the first time ever, how a single atom can be act as a qubit, effectively showing the first step in building an ultra fast quantum computer. And they might just have created the best qubit ever made.

A quantum computer is, simply, a computer which makes use of quantum mechanical phenomena to perform calculations. Well, I say “simply”… Let’s step back a moment. The simplest form of computers involve actual moving objects, and using the positions of those objects to perform calculations. This is essentially how an abacus works, if you’ve ever used one. The earliest computers to be designed, automated this process, using mechanisms. Charles Babbage’s famous, albeit never built, Analytical Engine worked on exactly this basic principle, and if it had been constructed it would have truly been the world’s first computer.

Essentially, the way these old mechanical computers work is to use the positions of their mechanical parts to perform mathematical and logic functions. This is actually the fundamental way in which all computers work. Since the discovery of electricity and the invention of electronics, computers have worked using electric circuits – effectively using the position of electrons instead of the position of actual moving parts. As technology has progressed, computers have become faster, smaller, and more reliable, until the world around us today.

In modern electronics, silicon is king. Silicon-based electronics are the standard used everywhere, though they’re reaching the limit of what they’re capable of. For the next generation of electronics, some people are beginning to advocate new materials, such as graphene, over silicon. But ultimately, others have a higher goal. Proponents of quantum computing believe that in the future, the most vital components of computers will not be electronics at all, but single atoms.

In quantum mechanics, any single particle, from an electron to an atomic nucleus, has a set of properties which can often be changed quite easily. Where past computers used motion of mechanical parts and modern computers use motion of electrons, quantum computers will use changes in the properties of these particles to perform their calculations.

One such quantum property is known as spin (the same property behind magnetism), and this is what the UNSW engineers managed to manipulate. They based their qubit on a single silicon atom and demonstrated how they used changes in the nuclear spin of the nucleus to store and retrieve information. Andrea Morello at UNSW’s School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications described how; “We have adapted magnetic resonance technology, commonly known for its application in chemical analysis and MRI scans, to control and read-out the nuclear spin of a single atom in real time.”

Many atomic nuclei are essentially very weak magnets due to their spin, which can have a value of either “up” or “down” (electrons and many other particles possess similar properties). However, because quantum mechanics bends the rules, there’s also a third state which is actually both up and down simultaneously. This state is known as a quantum superposition and makes everything a little more complicated.

Using the up and down positions of spin in the same way that binary code uses ones and zeroes, researchers manipulated a single atomic nucleus, writing a value to its spin and then retrieving that value. “We achieved a read-out fidelity of 99.8 per cent, which sets a new benchmark for qubit accuracy in solid-state devices,” commented Andrew Dzurak, Director of the Australian National Fabrication Facility at UNSW.

Using the technology they’re developing, qubits which work using nuclear spin in this way could be integrated into quantum computers to provide memory functions or to implement logic gates. This is perfectly in line with existing ideas about how quantum computers may work, using the spin of electrons as processors.

The previous best qubit was effective but rather impractical. A single atom trapped in an electromagnetic field inside a vacuum chamber. While this managed to win a Nobel prize in physics, its potential applications are rather limited. The team at UNSW have suceeded in creating  qubit which is much more readily useable in technology.

“Our nuclear spin qubit operates at a similar level of accuracy, but it’s not in a vacuum chamber – it’s in a silicon chip that can be wired up and operated electrically like normal integrated circuits,” explained Morello. “Silicon is the dominant material in the microelectronics industry, which means our qubit is more compatible with existing industry technology and is more easily scalable.”

Working with atomic nuclei isn’t easy. While most of the mass of an atom is contained in its nucleus, it’s difficult to visualise exactly how small they are. A nucleus of an atom has a diameter roughly one millionth the size of the atom itself – imagine a pea sitting in the centre of a sports arena and you’re thinking along the right lines.

“This means it’s more challenging to measure, but it’s almost completely immune to disturbances from the outside world, which makes it an exceptional quantum bit,”  explains Jarryd Pla, lead author on the study. “Our nuclear spin qubit can store information for longer times and with greater accuracy. This will greatly enhance our ability to carry out complex quantum calculations once we put many of these qubits together.”

Emboldened by their success, the team at UNSW are presently working on demonstrations for both quantum memories an two-qubit logic gates, as well as looking at ways to further improve their existing technology.

Image: Composition showing theoretical representations of qubits superimposed onto an electron microscope image of a sheet of atoms. Credits: Glosser.ca/jbw2 & White Timberwolf/Erwinrossen/Wikimedia Commons

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The story began over half a century ago when a German chemist, Rudolf Criegee, came up with a reaction. A reaction to which we are still trying to observe its smallest components. More than 50 years ago, he came up with a reaction that proposed that alkenes degrade by reacting with ozone to form a cyclic ozonide. Consequently, this ozonide falls apart and one product a carbonyl oxide called a Criegee intermediate.

Last year marked the first sighting of things that had — up until then — gone unseen. The simplest Criegge intermediate, CH2OO — carbon and two pairs of hydrogen and oxygen — tentatively attached to one another, destined to eventually fall apart and react with other things up there. This unique configuration of three different atoms were observed with the help of a cyclic particle accelerator — a synchrotron. Not your everyday piece of lab tech.

Criegee intermediates along with other important atmospheric elements are important as more and more we talk about climate change. And more and more we try and tease out the things up there that are relevant to our changing climate and environment. Whether the identification of the intermediate will lead to eventually finding a way to offset climate change is, at this point, speculation. The pollutants in the upper atmosphere — nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide react extremely quickly with the Criegee intermediates. The story that gets bandied around is that Criegee intermediates have the potential to cool the planet by converting these pollutants into sulphate and nitrate compounds that will lead to aerosol and clouds (that to some extent will reflect solar radiation back into space and help reduce temperatures).

A recent study, published in Science, describes detection of the simplest Criegee intermediate in the gas phase using a technique much simpler and more accessible than previously. They detected the molecular fingerprint of their chemical structures. What was once unknown now left a detectable signal. Up until now not a lot was known due in part to the fact that it couldn’t be detected directly. The fact that this new method of detection uses a machine and instrumentation more widely available to researchers opens the doors up to more investigations on the Criegee intermediates exact nature.

The Criegee intermediates go back to the history of the ozone. One that has been formulating even long before Rudolf Criegee. And the story is far from over. The final numbers of the exact nature of the Criegee intermediates are still in the making. Now its reactivity with other compounds can be verified and tested — and perhaps provide more insight into its proposed “climate cooling” properties.

Image — source

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Link of the interview: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-14/reality-tv-to-send-guests-to-mars/4690088

An updated page with the full article: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-15/an-ethical-questions-over-one-way-mars-mission/4690824

Dan Petrovic appeared on ABC’s Newsline as a representative of Australian Science and one of the first five sponsors of Mars One initiative. The interview also features comments from the founder Bas Lansdorp, Jonathan Nally from SpaceInfo and Dr. Graham Phillips from ABC.

Report by: Kesha West for Newsline by Jim Middleton

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